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<title>Extrasensory perception</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Extrasensory perception</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book, see <a href="Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception (book)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Second sight" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Second_Sight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Second Sight (disambiguation)">Second Sight</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li>

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<li><a href="Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li>

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<p><b>Extrasensory perception</b> (<b>ESP</b>), also known as a <b>sixth sense</b>, or <b>cryptaesthesia</b>, is a claimed <a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical <a href="Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>, but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by <a href="Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> botanist <a href="Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a> to denote <a href="Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> <a href="Abilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilities">abilities</a> such as <a href="Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>, <a href="Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">psychometry</a>, <a href="Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> and their trans-temporal operation as <a href="Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> or <a href="Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">retrocognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SheehyChapman2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheehyChapman2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><b>Second sight</b> is an alleged form of extrasensory perception, whereby a person perceives information, in the form of a <a href="Vision_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision (religion)">vision</a>, about future events before they happen (<a href="Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a>), or about things or events at remote locations (<a href="Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">remote viewing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that second sight exists. Reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes. Second sight and ESP are classified as <a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudosciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the 1930s, at <a href="Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in North Carolina, <a href="Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a> and his wife <a href="Louisa_E._Rhine" title="Louisa E. Rhine">Louisa E. Rhine</a> conducted an investigation into extrasensory perception. While Louisa Rhine concentrated on collecting accounts of spontaneous cases, J. B. Rhine worked largely in the laboratory, carefully defining terms such as ESP and <i>psi</i> and designing experiments to test them. A simple set of black and white cards was developed, originally called <a href="Zener_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Zener card">Zener cards</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – now called ESP cards. They bear the symbols circle, square, wavy lines, cross, and star. There are five of each type of card in a pack of 25.

</p><p>In a telepathy experiment, the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols. To try to observe clairvoyance, the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the receiver guesses. To try to observe precognition, the order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made. Later he used dice to test for <a href="Psychokinesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychokinesis">psychokinesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The parapsychology experiments at Duke evoked criticism from academics and others who challenged the concepts and evidence of ESP. A number of psychological departments attempted, unsuccessfully, to repeat Rhine's experiments. W. S. Cox (1936) from <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> with 132 subjects produced 25,064 trials in a playing card ESP experiment. Cox concluded "There is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the 'average man' or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group. The discrepancy between these results and those obtained by Rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four other psychological departments failed to replicate Rhine's results.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1938, the psychologist <a href="Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> wrote that much of the evidence for extrasensory perception collected by Rhine and other parapsychologists was anecdotal, biased, dubious and the result of "faulty observation and familiar human frailties".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhine's experiments were discredited due to the discovery that <a href="Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">sensory leakage</a> or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 1960s, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favored forced-choice methodology. Such procedures have included <a href="Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">dream telepathy</a> experiments, and the <a href="Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">ganzfeld experiments</a> (a mild sensory deprivation procedure).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Second sight may have originally been so called because normal vision was regarded as coming first, while supernormal vision is a secondary thing, confined to certain individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>An dà shealladh</i> or "the two sights", meaning "the sight of the seer", is the way <a href="Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> refer to "second sight", the involuntary ability of seeing the future or distant events. There are many Gaelic words for the various aspects of second sight, but <i>an dà shealladh</i> is the one mostly recognized by non-Gaelic speakers, even though, strictly speaking, it does not really mean second sight, but rather "two sights".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism">Skepticism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Parapsychology#Scientific_reception" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology § Scientific reception</a></div>

<p><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a> is the study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordón_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordón-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> rejects ESP due to the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP and the lack of positive experimental results; it considers ESP to be <a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> does not view extrasensory perception as a <a href="Scientific_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific phenomenon">scientific phenomenon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Scientific_skeptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific skeptics">Skeptics</a> have pointed out that there is no viable theory to explain the mechanism behind ESP, and that there are historical cases in which flaws have been discovered in the experimental design of parapsychological studies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are many criticisms pertaining to experiments involving extrasensory perception, particularly surrounding methodological flaws. These flaws are not unique to a single experimental design, and are effective in discrediting much of the positive research surrounding ESP. Many of the flaws seen in the <a href="Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a> experiment are present in the Ganzfeld experiment as well. First is the stacking effect, an error that occurs in ESP research. Trial-by-trial feedback given in studies using a "closed" ESP target sequence (e.g., a deck of cards) violates the condition of independence used for most standard statistical tests. Multiple responses for a single target cannot be evaluated using statistical tests that assume independence of responses. This increases the likelihood of card counting and, in turn, increases the chances for the subject to guess correctly without using ESP. Another methodological flaw involves cues through sensory leakage, for example, when the subject receives a visual cue. This could be the reflection of a Zener card in the holder's glasses. In this case, the subject is able to guess the card correctly because they can see it in the reflection, not because of ESP. Finally, poor randomization of target stimuli could be happening. Poor shuffling methods can make the orders of the cards easier to predict, or the cards could have been marked and manipulated, again, making it easier to predict which cards come next.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of a meta-analysis found that when these errors were corrected and accounted for, there was still no significant effect of ESP. Many of the studies only appeared to have significant occurrence of ESP, when in fact, this result was due to the many methodological errors in the research.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermo-optical_perception">Dermo-optical perception</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></div>

<p>In the early 20th century, <a href="Joaquin_Mar%C3%ADa_Argamasilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquin María Argamasilla">Joaquin María Argamasilla</a>, known as the "Spaniard with X-ray Eyes", claimed to be able to read handwriting or numbers on <a href="Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> through closed metal boxes. Argamasilla managed to fool <a href="Gustav_Geley" title="Gustav Geley">Gustav Geley</a> and <a href="Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a> into believing he had genuine <a href="Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> powers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, he was exposed by <a href="Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted the edge of the box, so he could look inside it without others noticing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Science writer <a href="Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> has written that the ignorance of blindfold deception methods has been widespread in investigations into objects at remote locations from persons who claim to possess second sight. Gardner documented various conjuring techniques psychics such as Rosa Kuleshova, Lina Anderson and <a href="Nina_Kulagina" title="Nina Kulagina">Nina Kulagina</a> have used to peek from their blindfolds to deceive investigators into believing they used second sight.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extrasensory_perception" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)"><i>Extrasensory Perception</i> (book)</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner eye">Inner eye</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_psychic_abilities" title="List of psychic abilities">List of psychic abilities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline of parapsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">Superpower (ability)</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The term <i>da-shealladh</i> (pronounced "dah-haloo"), often translated as "second sight", literally means "two sights". It refers to the ability to see apparitions of both the living and the dead. The taibshear (pronounced "tysher") is the seer who specializes in observing the energy double (<i>taibhs</i>). A dream or vision is a <i>bruadar</i> ("broo-e-tar"). The bruadaraiche ("broo-e-taracher") is more than a dreamer in the common sense; he or she is the kind of dreamer who can see into the past or the future."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFNoel_SheehyAntony_J._ChapmanWendy_A._Conroy2002" class="citation book cs1">Noel Sheehy; Antony J. Chapman; Wendy A. Conroy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzA6s7KZo-MC&pg=PA409"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Psychology</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 409–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-28561-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cryptaesthesia">"CRYPTAESTHESIA definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. 11 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=second+sight">"WordNet Search - 3.1"</a>. <i>wordnetweb.princeton.edu</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/second+sight">"second sight"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 16 June 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRegal2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Brian_Regal" title="Brian Regal">Regal, Brian</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pseudosciencecri00rega_858"><i>Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pseudosciencecri00rega_858/page/n190">169</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-35507-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_LaycockDavid_VernonColin_GrovesSimon_Brown1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Donald_Laycock" title="Donald Laycock">Donald Laycock</a>; <a href="David_Vernon_(writer)" title="David Vernon (writer)">David Vernon</a>; <a href="Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Colin Groves</a>; <a href="Simon_Brown_(author)" title="Simon Brown (author)">Simon Brown</a>, eds. (1989). <i>Skeptical – a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Canberra, Australia: Canberra Skeptics. p. 28. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7316-5794-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sladek, John. (1974). <i>The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Sciences and Occult Beliefs</i>. Panther. pp. 172–174. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87281-712-1</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansel, C. E. M. (1980). <i>ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-evaluation</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 86–122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0879751203</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, W. S. (1936). <i>An experiment in ESP</i>. Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: 437.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a> <i>The Search for a Demonstration of ESP</i> in <a href="Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>. (1985). <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 105–127. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87975-300-5</bdi>

<ul><li>Adam, E. T. (1938). <i>A summary of some negative experiments</i>. Journal of Parapsychology 2: 232–236.</li>

<li>Crumbaugh, J. C. (1938). <i>An experimental study of extra-sensory perception</i>. Masters thesis. Southern Methodist University.</li>

<li>Heinlein, C. P; Heinlein, J. H. (1938). <i>Critique of the premises of statistical methodology of parapsychology</i>. Journal of Parapsychology 5: 135–148.</li>

<li>Willoughby, R. R. (1938). <i>Further card-guessing experiments</i>. Journal of Psychology 18: 3–13.</li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a>. (1938). <i>ESP, House of Cards</i>. The American Scholar 8: 13–22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harold_Gulliksen" title="Harold Gulliksen">Harold Gulliksen</a>. (1938). <i>Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?</i>. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623–634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wynn, Charles M; Wiggins, Arthur W. (2001). <i>Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins</i>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-07309-7</bdi> "In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, <i>Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years</i> in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester’s eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester’s facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a>. (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57392-979-4</bdi> "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jonathan C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJgONrua8IkC&dq=rhine+pseudoscience&pg=PT226"><i>Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1405181228</bdi>. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks, David; Kammann, Richard. (2000). <i>The Psychology of the Psychic</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57392-798-8</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman, Ray. <i>Evaluating Parapsychological Claims</i>. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007). <i>Critical Thinking in Psychology</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–231. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521608343</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, James. (2003). <i>Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi</i>. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10: 29–50.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Second Sight"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Second_Sight">"Second Sight" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 570.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoss,_Robert2015" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/dreamgates/2011/02/scottish-dreaming-an-ancestral-call.html#">"Scottish dreaming: an ancestral call"</a>. Beliefnet, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cordón-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordón_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCordón2005" class="citation book cs1">Cordón, Luis A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/182"><i>Popular psychology: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/182">182</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-32457-4</bdi>. <q>The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaconis, Persi. (1978). <i>Statistical Problems in ESP Research</i>. Science New Series, Vol. 201, No. 4351. pp. 131–136.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunge, Mario. (1987). "Why Parapsychology Cannot Become a Science". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i> 10: 576–577.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, Terence. (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 117–145. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57392-979-4</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Todd_Carroll" class="citation web cs1">Robert Todd Carroll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/esp.html">"ESP (extrasensory perception)"</a>. Skeptic's Dictionary!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Bruce E. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Perception</i>. Sage. pp. 411–413. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4129-4081-8</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogan, Robert. (1998). <i>Critical Thinking: Step by Step</i>. University Press of America. p. 227. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0761810674</bdi> "When an experiment can't be repeated and get the same result, this tends to show that the result was due to some error in experimental procedure, rather than some real causal process. ESP experiments simply have not turned up any repeatable paranormal phenomena."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wynn, Charles M; Wiggins, Arthur W. (2001). <i>Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience Begins</i>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 165. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0309073097</bdi> "Extrasensory perception and psychokinesis fail to fulfill the requirements of the scientific method. They therefore must remain pseudoscientific concepts until methodological flaws in their study are eliminated, and repeatable data supporting their existence are obtained."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zechmeister, Eugene B; Johnson, James E. (1992). <i>Critical Thinking: A Functional Approach</i>. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 115. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0534165966</bdi> "There exists no good scientific evidence for the existence of paranormal phenomena such as ESP. To be acceptable to the scientific community, evidence must be both valid and reliable."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Milton_A._Rothman" title="Milton A. Rothman">Rothman, Milton A.</a> (1988). <i>A Physicist's Guide to Skepticism</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 193. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87975-440-2</bdi> "Transmission of information through space requires transfer of energy from one place to another. Telepathy requires transmission of an energy-carrying signal directly from one mind to another. All descriptions of ESP imply violations of conservation of energy in one way or another, as well as violations of all the principles of information theory and even of the principle of causality. Strict application of physical principles requires us to say that ESP is impossible."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, David. (2004). <i>Intuition: Its Powers and Perils</i>. Yale University Press. p. 233. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-300-09531-7</bdi> "After thousands of experiments, no reproducible ESP phenomenon has ever been discovered, nor has any researcher produced any individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (2003).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaelshermer.com/2003/02/psychic-drift/">"Psychic drift: Why most scientists do not believe in ESP and psi phenomena"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> <b>288</b>: 2. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved February 25, 2019.</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, Gordon. (1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 249. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57392-021-5</bdi> "Mainstream science is on the whole very dubious about ESP, and the only way that most scientists will be persuaded is by a demonstration that can be generally reproduced by neutral or even skeptical scientists. This is something that parapsychology has never succeeded in producing."</span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_Robert_Todd2005" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/esp.html">"ESP (extrasensory perception)"</a>. The Skeptic's Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton, J. & Wiseman, R. (1999). "Does psi exist? Lack of replication of an anomalous process of information transfer". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i> 125, 387–191. Meta-analysis of parapsychological research over ten years following agreement on methodological criteria by proponents and skeptics.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsofpsychic0000poli/page/171"><i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i></a>. Prometheus Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsofpsychic0000poli/page/171">171–172</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1591020868</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>. (2007). <i>Adventures in Paranormal Investigation</i>. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 215. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0813124674</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a> (2003). <i>Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>243. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0393325720</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a>, Henri Broch, and Bart K. Holland (2004). <i>Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience</i>. Johns Hopkins University. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8018-7867-5</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a> (1970). <i>ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-690-26815-7</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Gordon_(magician)" title="Henry Gordon (magician)">Henry Gordon</a> (1988). <i>Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs</i>. Macmillan of Canada. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7715-9539-5</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald Hebb</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvkhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">"Extrasensory Perception: A Problem"</a>. In <i>Essays on Mind</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-898-59017-3</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> (1985). <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87975-300-5</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Russell_Targ" title="Russell Targ">Targ, Russell</a> (2012). <i>The Reality of ESP: a physicist's proof of psychic abilities</i>. Quest Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8356-0884-8</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a>. (1997). <i>Deception and Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics</i>. Prometheus Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57392-121-3</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ExtraSensoryPerception">FBI file on Extrasensory perception</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parapsychology368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li>

<li><a href="Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li>

<li><a href="Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_perception_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li>

<li><a href="Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li>

<li><a href="Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li>

<li><a href="Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li>

<li><a href="College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>List of parapsychologists</li>

<li>Skeptics of parapsychology</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Parapsychology%3A_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pseudoscience225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li>

<li><a href="Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li>

<li><a href="Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li>

<li><a href="Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li>

<li><a href="Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li>

<li><a href="True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br>characterized as <br>pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li>

<li><a href="Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li>

<li><a href="Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li>

<li><a href="Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li>

<li><a href="Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li>

<li><a href="Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li>

<li><a href="Doktor_Koster's_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li>

<li><a href="Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li>

<li><a href="HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory">LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li>

<li><a href="Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_water_fluoridation" title="Opposition to water fluoridation">Opposition to water fluoridation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Expanding_Earth" title="Expanding Earth">Expanding Earth Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li>

<li><a href="Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartarian_Empire" title="Tartarian Empire">Tartarian Empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li>

<li><a href="EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li>

<li><a href="Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li>

<li><a href="Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Modern flat Earth beliefs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li>

<li><a href="Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li>

<li><a href="Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li>

<li><a href="Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br>pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li>

<li><a href="Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li>

<li><a href="Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li>

<li><a href="Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li>

<li><a href="Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li>

<li><a href="Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li>

<li><a href="Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims%2C_Frauds%2C_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li>

<li><a href="James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Skeptic's_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1627" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1627" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003869-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Extrasensory perception"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85046587">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perception extrasensorielle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330695">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perception extrasensorielle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330695">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mimosmyslové vnímání"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122878&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562801405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3e9786fd-be99-4dcb-ba99-f27f221d4dfa">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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